There are hundreds of tattoo ink brands on the market, and each uses different ingredients. A 2016 study conducted by the Joint Research Centre (JCR) reports that more than 100 pigments and 100 additives are currently in use (per the European Commission). About 60% of pigments may release aromatic amines, a class of compounds with carcinogenic effects. Over 40% of all tattoo products tested by the JCR contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while 14% had aromatic amines in their composition. Others had traces of heavy metals and contaminants.
Animal studies suggest that PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene, may lead to cancer and reproductive defects, warns the Illinois Department of Public Health. However, these potential side effects have not been observed in humans. Tattoo ink, especially red pigments, may contain mercury, iron, cadmium, and other toxic metals. These compounds can cause dermatitis, skin inflammation, rashes, itching, and allergic reactions, notes a 2016 review published in Dermatology and Therapy.
Blank ink is typically made from bone char, iron oxide, carbon, and other ingredients, according to Firstpost. Brown ink, on the other hand, contains a mixture of clay and iron oxide. Other pigments are made with copper or sodium aluminum silicate and various chemicals. Vegan and plant-based tattoo ink appear to be safer. But most inks produced in the U.S. are poorly regulated. "Ink manufacturers aren't even required to disclose what they put into the inks," said chemist John Swierk in an interview with the National Public Radio.
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